In 5\24\2011 I found an article that related to my topic which is the homeless youth vie Gale Virtual Reference Library by the Albertson library. My article title is “Youth, Homeless" written by Marjorie J. Robertson.
The article is discussing the homeless youth, and how is the number of the homeless youth is growing. At the beginning, Marjorie gave an statement shows how this problem is big when he wrote “Homelessness among young people in the United States is a serious and complex problem." And also, how they have high rates of medical, emotional, and behavioral problems, and how the homelessness can interrupt education and normal socialization of youth. And then, in the next couple paragraphs, Marjorie discussed the limitations and literature. He started sharing that the literature on homeless youth is sparse and much less rigorous than literature on homeless adults or families. Most research on homeless youth comes from large urban areas; such research may not generalize to rural areas or smaller cities. Although recent researchers have begun studying the strengths and competencies of homeless youth, most of the professional literature has focused on the problems and deficits of homeless youth. After that, Marjorie showed how Capturing a complete and accurate picture of homeless youth is difficult, and then he explained how homeless youth can be identified. The third paragraph in the first section of Marjorie article shows how Mariore was upset about the studies that studied the homeless youth, because these studies tend to produce a profile that over represents youth who have more chronic histories of homelessness, and, as a consequence, findings overstate or exaggerate the levels of problems in the general homeless youth population.
On the other hand, in the second section, Marjorie explained and defined the term homeless youth, and showed that this term used here includes only youth "on their own," without supervision of a parent or legal guardian, and also he talked about how the ages important in in defining homeless youth. Furthermore, Marjorie discussed the two kinds of homeless youth. The first one is the is the street youth, and the second one is the youth in shelters. The next step in Marjorie article, he used statistics to support his research, and he mentioned that the number of males homeless higher than the number of the women, and then he argued the characteristics of homeless youth, and why youth become homeless. Also, he mentioned the homosexual(gay, lesbian, and bisexual), and their percentage among the homeless youth. The rest of the article is explanation about the homeless health problems. "Homeless youth appear to have a wide range of health and behavior problems, including medical, mental, and alcohol or drug use problems. Whereas some of these problems appear to be long-standing, others are probably worsened by the stressful experiences of homelessness."
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Bitzer, "The Rhetorical Situation." As accurately as you can, restate the article's primary claim. Be sure to be able to point to a specific place in the text to back up your claim. Then, trace the argument that Bitzer makes. What is its shape?
The Rhetorical Situation
The Rhetorical situation is an article has been written by lloyd f. bitzer. lloyd f. bitzer was born in 1931. He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science. As a rhetorician he is best known for the concept of "the rhetorical situation." Marilyn Young has characterized him as "one of the most respected rhetoricians of the latter half of the twentieth century." Bitzer has a purpose of writing this essay which is to advance a partial theory of the rhetorical situation. In my paper I am going to restate the articles primary as accurately as I can, and then I am going to trace the argument. Bitzer started his essay with a question. What is the rhetorical situation? and then he goes on to explain what will be covered in this essay, therefore; should be understood as an attempt to revive the notion of rhetorical situation, to provide at least the outline of an adequate conception of it, and to establish it as a controlling and fundamental concern of rhetorical theory. The rest of the essay is a detailed explanation of elements of an ideal rhetorical situation.
The first element of an ideal rhetorical situation is that rhetoric is situational. To say that rhetorical is situational means:(1) rhetorical discourse comes into existence as a response to a situation, in the same sense that an answer comes into existence in response to a question or a solution in response to a problem. (2) a speech is given rhetorical significance by the situation, just as a unit of discourse is given significance as answer or as solution by the question or problem. (3) a rhetorical situation must exist as a necessary condition of rhetorical discourse, just as a question must exist as a necessary condition of an answer. (4) many questions go unanswered and many problems remain unsolved; similarly, many rhetorical situations mature and decay without giving birth to rhetorical utterance. (5) discourse is rhetorical insofar as it functions, (or seeks to function) as a fitting response to a situation which needs and invites it. (6) Finally, the situation controls the rhetorical response in the same sense that the question controls the answer and the problem controls the solution. Not the rhetor and not persuasive intent, but the situation is the source and ground of rhetorical activity--and, I should add, of rhetorical criticism. Page (5-6).
So the rhetorical situation may be defined as: "a complex of persons, events, objects, and relations presenting an actual or potential exigence which can be completely or partially removed if discourse, introduced into the situation, can so constrain human decision or action as to bring about the significant modification of the exigence."p(6). Prior to the creation and presentation of the discourse, there are three constituents of any rhetorical situation: the first is the exigence; the second and third are elements of the complex, namely the audience to be constrained in decision and action, and the constraints which influence the rhetor and can be brought to bear upon the audience."(6)
According to Bitzer, an exigence can be rhetorical and not rhetorical. An exigence is not rhetorical when its modification requires merely ones own action or the application of a tool, but neither requires nor invites the assistance of discourse. An exigence is rhetorical when it's capable of positive modification and when positive modification requires discourse or can be assisted by discourse.
Bitzer amplifies our understanding of "rhetoric is situational" by defining the constituent parts of the rhetorical situation on pages 6-8. By the end of Bitzer paper he Justified the discipline of rhetoric by describing what those in the discipline should do. The first is that we live in "our real world" in which "rhetorical exigences abound" and change is invited by "the world", and the second is for those who think of rhetoric as craft designed to produce persuasion, they may also think of it as a discipline, or philosophically justified activity, because the rhetorician "provides principles, concepts, and procedures by which we effect valuable changes in reality."
Deans, "Methods for Synthesizing and Organizing." On page 303, Deans identifies concepts related to the synthesis and organization of a research essay. Using this list of concepts, analyze "Who Deserves a Head Start?" (321-329). Pay particular attention to the second list of bullet points on page 303. What kinds of evidence does the writer use? How does she arrange that evidence to make her point? And, following the questions at the top of 304, how does Erin organize "Who Deserves a Head Start?"
Who Deserves a Head Start?
Who Deserves a Head Start is an research essay has written by Erin. When Erin wrote this essay she was a first-year student at Bentley Collage at Waltham, Massachusetts planing to major in accounting. Erin Collins research based on the Head start Community. Erin Wrote this essay to persuade and aware people about the community. Erin used a strategy to get the audience attention which starting her essay by Joey story. Joey is a four-year-old, an intelligent little boy from South Bronx, N.Y. Joey is one of many children who has been served by the Head start Community. Erin did very well by using Joey story to give the audience a glance about what she is going to talk about.
First of all, I would like to give briefly some information about the Head Start Program. In 1964, President Lyndon Johen signed the economic opportunity act that established Head Start. And then, Head Start began in the summer of 1965 with enrollment of 561,000 children. The government appropriated 96,400,000 million towards the Head Start Program. Furthermore, the Head Start Community has structure.
The structure of Head Start is an important factor that contributes to its success. Children between the ages of three and five are eligible for the Head Start Program. Priority is usually given to children of four years of age. their families also must meet the federal poverty guidelines.
Erin Collins research is so organized, and she used all the methods(logos, pathos, and ethos). She started her essay as I mentioned above by a story to get the audience attention emotionally, and used many statistics to prove her point which they were so effective. Erin used more than ten difference sources, but I would like to say that if she minimized her statistics, and gave more stories, her essay will be more interesting. On the other hand, Erin argued to points.
There were to arguments in Erin essay. The first one is"Why should children not be served?" Erin Collins wrote that some critics believe that the Head Start should eliminated and founding stopped even for the small percentage that are served. The second argument is"all children should be served". In the second argument she discussed the benefits of the community, and she used couple statistics and examples to prove and support her point such as that the Head start has served more than 15 million children to develop the vital skills needed to become protective citizens of the United States.
ultimately, Erin mentioned some points that needs to be done for instants, the government should put more money for the Head Start, privileged should not the only ones to go to preschool, and the government should ignore the critic's suggestions about eliminating the Head Start.
